I was planning to write something about content types, but thanks to Mark for mentioning I ran into Martin’s blog, where this is very well explained. So, from Martin, ‘What are Content Types?’:
“A content type is an object that is stored within MOSS that defines several elements of a piece of content, including:
- Document Template that the content will be based on
- Columns that the content will have associated with it (metadata)
- Workflows that the content will use
- Information Management policies that apply to the content
- Conversion types for the content”

Read the whole explanation here